what is sentence?

What is a Sentence??

Before starting with the definition of sentene, Lets start with an example
Rocky home went.
Does the above example provide you with a clear meaning? Surely, No. But why ?? Because the above example is not in correct order and does not have completeness of sense and combination of words.

A sentence must have the following characteristics:
✓ A completeness of Sence
✓ Correct Order
✓ Combination of Words
At this point, We can proceed with definition "A sentence is a combination of words arraged in such an order that it expresses a complete sense or meaning"

Some examples:
1. Zara wants to visit her uncle's family.
2. The Lion caught the mouse.
3. What is your name ?
4. Come here
5. What a nice bird it is!
6. May Allah bless you.
7. Sagor Karmakar does not smoke now.
8. Did Alex go to hospital?
9. Never tell a lie
10. How brilliant the girl is!
The above mentioned examples cover the characteristices of a sentence

Elements of a sentence

Basically, a sentence has two parts:
1) Subject:
A person or thing is being discussed, described or dealt in a sentnece.
That is, subject is the performer of a sentnece.
To find out subject from a sentence, ask the verb with "who"

Example :
Rokeya plays an important role in women empowerment. (Rokeya=Subject, play=verb)
Swimming is a good exercise.(swimming=subject)

2) Predicate : Predicate is the sum of the discussion about the subject
Rokeya plays an important role in women empowerment.
Swimming is a good exercise.
In the predicate section, there may be several elements such as

Verb

Object

Adverb or Adverbial Phrase

Adjective or Adjective Phrase

Complement

How to find out the elements from a sentence

Questions	Answers	Examples
Who does?	Subject	They play football
What does the Subject act with?	Object	They play Football
What does the subject do?	Verb	They play football
ask with "How"	Adjective	They play football well(How they play?=well(Adjective))
How is the work done?	Adverb	The players run fast(Adverb)

Complement

Mr. Jamil Khan is a doctor
Here, Mr. Jamil= a Doctor(This is called complement not object of the sentnce)
Complement is the word that indicates the same as the subject but object does not indicate that.

Example:
Mr. Jamil Khan also runs a Business.(object)
He is a student(Complement)
They prepare their lessons(Object)
This is a book(Complement)

Kinds of Sentences:

Look at some sentences
1. Covid-19 has become panedemic.
2. Does TheBallpen.com provide with good contents?
3. Do excercise regularly.
4. live long our Prime Minister.
5. How cute your girl friend is!
Have you noticed that the above five sentences are providing with five different meaning ??
According to meaning, there are five(5) kinds of sentences.
They are;
1. Assertive Sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence
4. Optative Sentence
5. Exclamatory Sentence
Lets explain them in details:

Assertive Sentence

You will be wonder that most of the sentences in Englisg language are assertive sentence
"Assertive sentence provides general statement or assertation".
It can be :
A. Affirmative Sentence:
Structure: Subject+ Verb+Object/Complement/ Adverb or Adverbial Phrase/ Adjective or Adjective Phrase

Ex- We visit TheBallpen.com daily.

B. Negative Sentence:
Structure: Subject+ Auxiliary verb+not+Verb+Object/Complement/ Adverb or Adverbial Phrase/ Adjective or Adjective Phrase
Ex- We do not waste our time.

Some more examples of assertive sentence:

We can not ignore the go of the world.(Negative sentence).

A cleaner cleanses our house.(Affirmative sentence)

Alex does not miss any classes.(Negative sentence)

Bangladesh is our mother land.(Affirmative sentence)

We should not throw waste here and there.(Negative sentence)

Now is the time to prepare for the job.(Affirmative sentence)

We have no idea about this matter.(Negative sentence)

Rabindranath won the nobel prize in 1913.(Affirmative sentence)

I am not a student.(Negative sentence)

The whole world is facing Covid-19.(Affirmative sentence)

Interrogative Sentence

When you get up in the morning?

Whats the aim of your life?

Is your brother a web developer?

The above three sentences are asking questions. Such sentences are interrogative in type.
"An interrogative sentence asks question about a thing or person and it ends with note of interrogation(?)"

#There are two ways to form an interrogative sentence:
A. Beginning with WH Questions (Who, what, when, which, how, where..... Read more) Structure: WH-Question+Auxiliary Verb+Subject+Principal verb+ Extension.
When will Mr. Trump join the meeting?
Here;

When= WH-Question

Will= Auxiliary Verb

Mr. Trump= Subject

Join= Principal Verb

The Meeting= Extension

Some more examples:

How are you today?

Who loves you most?

Which pen do you want?

Where are you going in this vacation?

How old are your parents?

B. .Beginning with Auxiliary verb: .
Structure: Auxiliary verb+Subject+Principal verb+Extension
Ex- Have you visited cox's Bazar?

Have=Auxiliary verb

You=Subject

visit=principal verb

Cox's Bazar=Extension

Some more examples:

Are you drinking tea?

Does he read newspaper regularly?

Will you attend on your Ex-girl friend's marriage ceremony?

Was the bird singing a song?

Imperative Sentence

When you order your younger to open the door, you use imperative sentence and when you advice your younger to make lesson reularly, you use imperative sentence. Again when your younger requests you to buy him a game, he use imperative sentence. Your teachers use imperative sentence while they are suggesting you.

"A sentence that expresses an order, suggestion, advice, suggestion, prohibition etc is called imperative sentence".

Structure:
1. Verb+Object(Affirmative-Do the sum)
2. Do not+Verb+Object(Negative-Do not run in the sun)
3. Let+Object+Verb+Extension(Proposal-Lets have a fun)
Note:
a.Let is finite verb that indicates to permit someone to do something
b. The verb placed after let is a bare infinitive (Let me go (bare infinitive))
Examples:

Please, give me your book.(request)

Always speak the truth.(advice)

March on.(Command)

Lets go for a walk.(Proposal)

Do not loss your heart.

Never tell a lie.

Do the work.

Come in.

Study hard.

Go to your seat.

Take care of your health.

Optative Sentence

We use optative sentence frequently. When you bid your friend, you say "Best of luck !" this is an optative sentence When you leave home for campus, Your mother say "May Allah bless you" this is also an optative sentence. I think you have got an idea and trying to generate more example around you.

"An optative sentence is a sentence that expresses wish,prayer etc."

Structure: In case of wish and prayer
1. May+Subject+Principal verb+Object(if)+other words.
Ex- May our president live long
1. May
2. Our president = Subject
3. Live = Verb
4. There is no object
5. Long = other word
Some more examples:

May you be happy

May Allah bless you

May he succeed in life

Structure: In case of unreality
1. Oh that+Subject+Could+Verb+Object
Ex- Oh that I could help the poor man

Exclamatory Sentence

Will not you be wondered if your father bought you a DSLR? After having the DSLR I am sure you will say "Wow! My father has bought me a DSLR. This is an exclamatory sentence.
When Bangladesh Cricket team wins against the India, You loudly say"Hurrah! We have won." This is also an Exclamatory sentence.
"The sentence that expresses sudden emotion like surprise, pain, delight, anger, disgust etc we call it an exclamatory sentence"
Structure:
1. How+Adjective+NP(Noun or Pronoun)+ Be-verb+!
Ex- How nice the Tajmahal is!
2. What+NP+NP+Be-verb+!
Ex- What a fool he is!
3. What+NP+!
Ex- What a sorrow!
4. Hurrah/Alas(Interjection)+!+ Aseertive sentence
Ex-Hurrah!We have won the toss.
5. Were+NP+NP+!
Ex- Were I a king!
6. Had+NP+!
Ex- Had I two wings!

Some more examples:

What a good idea!

How stupid Sagor is!

How attractive the Tajmahal is!

What an awesome matter it is!

How sweet the Cuckoo sings!

Had I a aircraft!

How foolish you are!

How silly!

Are you feeling bored? If, have a coffee and take some rest....Lets start.
We are a bit far to complete the lesson!

Sentence: According to structure

According to structure, sentences are of three(3) types:
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
To understand these sentences clearly, We need to know the following
✔ Finite verb: The verb that provides with a complete sense of a sentence is called finite verb. Ex- Aslam wants to pass in the examination. Read more abour finite verb
✔ Non-finite verb: The verb that does not provide with a complete sense of a sentence is called finite verb
Ex-
Aslam wants to pass() in the examination.
making a kite, We will go to the field.
Read more abour non-finite verb
✔ Clause: Part of a sentence
A clasue is a part of a sentence and has a subject and a verb.
Example: I found a bag(Antecedent) that(Relative pronoun) was full of money.
That is full of money = Clause in the sentence.
Some more examples:

That he is honest is known to us.

I an old man who was blind.

Read more about clause

✓Phrase: A group of words

A Phrase is a group of words which has no subject and finite verb and works as a small element of a sentence.
Ex-

To take exercise is good for health

Reading more books expands your knowledge

Read more abour phrase
At this point, We can proceed with the three types of sentences.

Simple Sentence

Simple sentence is a sentence that is structured with
-Only one subject: He reads a book.
-One finite verb: He loves to read.
Note: A simple sentence may have one or more non-finite verb but remember only one finite verb.
Structure: Subject+finite verb+Object.

I saw him playing.

Here, Saw(finite verb)and playing(non-finite verb) and I is the only subject. So its a simple sentence.
Some more examples:

Bangladesh is a riverine country.

Going to market, I bought a smart phone.

The girl walked in the street singing.

He is too small to touch the fan.

Having done this, he went away.

We studied hard to pass in the examination.

I went to University in order to meet with my supervisor.

Inspite of his bad behavior, the girl loves him most.

By eating balanced diet, you can keep your body fit.

Without reading more, you can not get a good CGPA.

The weather being cold, we did not go out.

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is a sentence which has more than one principal clause connected by one or more coordinating conjunctions(and, or, but.... more conjunctions)
Ex- He is poor but he is honest.
Here, he is poor and he is honest both are principal clause connected with "but" that is a conjunction.
Look, this sentence has two finite verb.
Note: We can also write the sentence as He is poor but honest as the suject and verb of the two clauses are the same, we can deduct(minus) the later. This deducted sentence(he is honest = honest) is called contracted sentence.
Some more examples:

Study more or you will fail.

We eat a balanced diet and we can be healthy.

Move or you will die.

He is very small and he can not touch the fan.

Sagor eats much but he can not be healthy.

His father is an honest man while he is a thief.

Saima ate not only beef but also mutton.

Sumon did not have money nevetheless he wanted to bought his girl friend a ring.

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence has one principal/independent clause and one or more sub-ordinate/dependent clause

Ex- I know that she will come.
Here,
I know = principal clasue
that she will come = sub-ordinate clause Read about sub-ordinate clause
Some more examples:

This is you who did this.

As I was ill, I could not go to varsity.

Since the water was cold, We could not bathe.

Though he is poor, he is happy.

If you work hard, you will shine.

Wait here untill I come back.

He was so small tha he could not touch the fan.

We eat so that we may live.

That he is a currupted is known to all.

The news that he had an accident is true.

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